Course in General Linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure

Auditory signifiers are linear, because they succeed each other or form a chain. Saussure says that linguistic signs are by nature linear, because they represent a span in a single dimension.

According to Saussure, changes in linguistic signs originate in changes in the social activity of speech.

The combination of the signifier and the signified is arbitrary i.e., any sound-image can conceivably be used to signify a particular concept.Ī sign can be altered by a change in the relationship between the signifier and the signified. The concept is what is signified, and the sound-image is the signifier. Saussure says that a linguistic sign is a combination of a concept and a sound-image. Language is a product of the speaker’s communication of signs to the listener.

Spoken language includes the communication of concepts by means of sound-images from the speaker to the listener. Saussure says that language is really a borderland between thought and sound, where thought and sound combine to provide communication. Thoughts have to become ordered, and sounds have to be articulated, for language to occur. Language is a link between thought and sound, and is a means for thought to be expressed as sound. Language is a system of signs that evolves from the activity of speech. Speaking is an activity of the individual language is the social manifestation of speech. Saussure draws a distinction between language ( langue) and the activity of speaking ( parole). Linguistics includes such fields of study as: phonology (the study of the sound patterns of language), phonetics (the study of the production and perception of the sounds of speech), morphology (the study of word formation and structure), syntax (the study of grammar and sentence structure), semantics (the study of meaning), pragmatics (the study of the purposes and effects of uses of language), and language acquisition. He says that linguistics is also concerned with the history of languages, and with the social or cultural influences that shape the development of language. Saussure defines linguistics as the study of language, and as the study of the manifestations of human speech.

The text includes an introduction to the history and subject-matter of linguistics an appendix entitled “Principles of Phonology ” and five main sections, entitled: “Part One: General Principles,” “Part Two: Synchronic Linguistics,” “Part Three: Diachronic Linguistics,” “Part Four: Geographical Linguistics,” and “Part Five: Concerning Retrospective Linguistics.” Saussure examines the relationship between speech and the evolution of language, and investigates language as a structured system of signs. Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguisticsįerdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguisticsįerdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1916) is a summary of his lectures at the University of Geneva from 1906 to 1911.

Course in General Linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure